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基因编辑“绝育”蚊子以避免疾病传播

[日期:2021-10-23]   来源:广西昆虫馆  作者:广西昆虫馆   阅读:754次[字体: ]

Suppression of female fertility in Aedes aegypti with a CRISPR-targeted male-sterile mutation

Jieyan Chen, Junjie Luo, Yijin Wang, Adishthi S. Gurav, Ming Li, Omar S. Akbari, and Craig Montell
       蚊子是传播寨卡、登革热和黄热病等致命疾病的“元凶”。近日,一项新研究利用基因编辑技术使雄蚊不育,以减缓这些疾病的传播。
       美国陆军合作生物技术研究所和加州大学圣巴巴拉分校的研究人员,使用了CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑工具,以雄蚊生育能力相关基因为目标,对埃及伊蚊进行了“绝育”实验。这项发表在美国《国家科学院院刊》上的研究阐述了基因突变是如何抑制蚊子繁殖能力的。
       具体而言,科学家使用一种被称为昆虫不育技术的控制方法,繁殖了许多不育的雄蚊,然后释放这些昆虫。雌蚊与不育雄蚊交配,就会影响前者的生育能力,从而缩小下一代的体型。重复几次就有可能使蚊子种群崩溃,因为每一代都比上一代小。
       之前,科学家使用化学物质或辐射使雄性埃及伊蚊绝育,但这些方法会影响蚊子的健康,以至于它们无法成功与雌性交配,进而削弱了有效性。该研究小组希望找到一种更有针对性、附带损害更小的方法,即在蚊子体内突变一种基因,这种基因会导致雄性不育,但不会影响昆虫的健康。
       加州大学圣巴巴拉分校教授Craig Montell表示,随着CRISPR/Cas9技术问世和不断发展,我们研究埃及伊蚊绝育技术的时机似乎慢慢成熟。
       通过对雄性埃及伊蚊进行基因编辑,研究人员发现,突变的雄蚊不会产生精子,但其他方面完全健康。研究人员将15只突变雄蚊引入15只雌蚊中,24小时后,他们用15只野生雄蚊交换了突变雄蚊。结果显示,所有雌蚊的生育能力都受到影响。Montell 说:“这证实了雄蚊可以在不产生精子的情况下抑制雌蚊的生育能力。”
       接下来,研究人员计划确定时间是如何影响这种效果的。他们让雌蚊与变异雄蚊进行不同时长的接触。30分钟后,科学家注意到雌蚊生育能力几乎没有什么变化,但此后其生育能力迅速下降。研究人员指出,该实验发现雌蚊在失去生育能力之前必须与许多不育雄蚊交配。
       研究结果显示,让雌蚊与变异雄蚊交配4小时,雌蚊的生育能力会降低到正常水平的20%。8小时后,这个数字开始稳定在10%左右。但研究人员表示,埃及伊蚊的繁殖能力在下降80%的情况下很容易恢复。因此,昆虫不育技术要想成功,就需要连续不断地释放不育雄蚊。
       未来,研究小组计划继续调查蚊子的交配行为和繁殖能力,以发现抑制蚊子数量的新方法。
来源:中国科学报 唐一尘
 
Abstract
Aedes aegypti spread devastating viruses such as dengue, which causes disease among 100 to 400 million people annually. A potential approach to control mosquito disease vectors is the sterile insect technique (SIT). The strategy involves repeated release of large numbers of sterile males, which reduces insect populations because the sterile males mate and thereby suppress the fertility of females that would otherwise mate with fertile males. While SIT has been successful in suppressing certain agricultural pests, it has been less effective in depressing populations of Ae. aegypti. This limitation is in part because of the fitness effects resulting from mutagenizing the mosquitoes nonspecifically. Here, we introduced and characterized the impact on female fertility of an Ae. aegypti mutation that disrupts a gene that is specifically expressed in testes. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate a null mutation in the Ae. aegypti β2-tubulin (B2t) gene, which eliminates male fertility. When we allowed wild-type females to first mate with B2t mutant males, most of the females did not produce progeny even after being subsequently exposed to wild-type males. We also introduced B2t mutant and wild-type males simultaneously with wild-type females and found that a larger number of B2t mutant males relative to the wild-type males was effective in significantly suppressing female fertility. These results raise the possibility of employing B2t sterile males to improve the efficacy of SIT in suppressing populations of Ae. aegypti through repeated releases and thereby reduce the transmission of viruses by these invasive mosquitoes.
 
 
 
 
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